UNIHEZ JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

The diversity of the traffic in the communication networks underscores the inadequacy of either circuit switching or packet switching. Packet switching is good at statistical multiplexing, and may prove difficult to provide bounded delay and low jitter without excessively provisioning it. Circuit switching on the other hand provides certain delay and bandwidth. In this paper, a literature search and synthesis of circuit switching, packet switching, and hybrid modes is presented based on the principle, current advances, and performance analysis. We discuss such important hybrid paradigms as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), optical circuit/packet data-center architectures, and 5G-Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) integration, as well as dynamic circuit allocation algorithms. We find through our synthesis that selective hybrid switching, which dynamically allocates circuit-like resources to URLLC flows or long-lived elephant flows and uses packet switching to serve best-effort traffic, is better in the performance metrics of latency (example, 10 milliseconds of latency in loads where best-effort traffic is provided by the use of a pure paradigm) and throughput, energy consumption, and QoS as the reviewed studies propose. Nanosecond-scale optical circuit switches and programmable data planes have nanosecond optical configurability, enabling historical scalability problems to reduce. Subsequently, hybrid switching creates an effective grid of 6G mobile networks, future data network interconnects, industrial automation, and deterministic 

The fragile freshwater and saline ecosystems of Rivers State, Nigeria, are biodiversity hotspots under severe threat from industrial pollution, habitat fragmentation, and unsustainable resource extraction. This crisis endangers flagship species like the Niger Delta red colobus monkey (Piliocolobus epieni) and the West African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis). Concurrently, the indigenous knowledge systems of local communities, which have historically governed these resources, are eroding. This quantitative study adopted a convergent parallel mixed-methods design to investigate this biocultural nexus. Ecological surveys assessed species populations and habitat quality across selected sites, while structured questionnaires and interviews gauged indigenous knowledge, beliefs, and practices among Tai, Asari-Toru, and Okrika communities selected from the three (3) senatorial districts of Rivers State. The research further analyzed the interface between indigenous governance structures and formal state policies. Results revealed critically degraded habitats and declining species populations, a significant gap between the awareness and practice of indigenous conservation ethics, and substantive conflicts between customary and statutory governance systems. These findings informed the development of a participatory, integrative biocultural conservation framework. The study concludes that effective conservation in Rivers State requires a paradigm shift from isolated, top-down biological approaches to strategies that legally recognize, revitalize, and hybridize indigenous knowledge and governance systems with scientific and policy frameworks for sustainable ecosystem co-management.